Research progress on neurodevelopmental outcomes of small for gestational age infants / 中华预防医学杂志

The incidence of perinatal disease and perinatal mortality in small for gestational age infants increased significantly. This group of people is prone to a variety of long-term metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases, and is also prone to growth retardation and neurodevelopmental delay, which will seriously affect the long-term quality of life of children. The article studies the neurodevelopmental outcomes of small-for-gestational-age infants. By reviewing and sorting out previous literature, the neurodevelopmental disorders of small-for-gestational-age infants are analyzed according to five aspects: intellectual development, motor development, language development, sensory development, and mental illness. The classification and summary were carried out, and the influencing factors of neurodevelopmental disorders of SGA were also evaluated, so as to provide reference for promoting the improvement of neurodevelopmental outcomes of small-for-gestational-age infants.

Research progress on long-term developmental outcomes of offspring of pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus / 中国当代儿科杂志

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that affects multiple organs and systems. It is more common in women of childbearing age. Compared with the general population, pregnant women with SLE are at a significantly increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes such as preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction. In addition, the offspring of SLE patients may also be adversely affected by in utero exposure to maternal autoantibodies, cytokines, and drugs. This article summarizes the long-term developmental outcomes of offspring of pregnant women with SLE in terms of the blood system, circulatory system, nervous system, and immune system.

Perinatal conditions of late preterm twins versus early term twins / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the perinatal complications of late preterm twins (LPTs) versus early term twins (ETTs).@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed for the complications of 246 LPTs, 496 ETTs, and their mothers. The risk factors for late preterm birth were analyzed. According to gestational age, the twins were divided into five groups: 34-34@*RESULTS@#Maternal hypertension, maternal thrombocytopenia, placenta previa, and premature rupture of membranes were independent risk factors for late preterm birth in twins (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Compared with ETTs, LPTs have an increased incidence of perinatal complications. The incidence of perinatal complications is associated with gestational ages in the LPTs and ETTs.

Metabolism alternation of schisandra chinensis in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats and patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacokinetics change of schisandra chinensis under the pathological condition of liver dysfunction for safe and rational use of herbal medicines. METHODS The metabolism of four effective lignans from schisandra chinensis(SC), schisandrin,schisantherin A, deoxyshisandrin and γ-schisandrin was studied using microsomes from patients with advanced hepato-cellular carcinoma. In situ intestinal and hepatic perfusions were conducted to clarify the contributions from impairments of gut and liver on the pharmacokinetics of the four schisandra lignans in CCl4-intoxi-cated rats.The metabolism in rat and human liver microsomes and transport in Caco-2 monolayer cell model were studied to reveal the key factors for the in vivo disposition of the four lignans. RESULTS When SC alcoholic extract was orally administrated to CCl4-intoxicated rat for a short term (4 d), the pharmacokinetics of four active SC lignans was significantly changed while its hepatoprotective effect was not obviously observed.The plasma concentrations of the four schisandra lignans were dramatical-ly elevated compared with the control.The Cmax,AUC and MRT were all increased or prolonged signif-icantly while parameter CLz/F was obviously reduced in rat pretreated with CCl4. In hepatic perfusion study and liver microsomes incubation,it was found that the hepatic metabolism of the four lignans was markedly decreased mainly due to the activity reduction of multiple CYP450 isoenzymes involved the metabolism, which, eventually, might lead to the alternation of their pharmacokinetic profiles in CCl4-intoxicated rats or patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSION The pharmacoki-netic studies of SC components in pathological situation of liver dysfunction are expected to provide useful data for rational and safe application of SC preparations in clinic or further pharmacological and toxicological research.

LW-AFC,a new formula derived from Liuwei Dihuang decoction,ameliorates behavioral and pathological deterioration via modulating the neuroendocrine-immune system in Alzheimer disease mouse models / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE Alzheimer disease(AD),the most common cause of dementia among older people, could not be prevented, halted, or reversed up till now. A large body of pharmacological study has revealed that Liuwei Dihuang (LW) possesses potential therapeutic effects on AD. LW-AFC is key fractions from LW.In the present study,we investigated the effect of LW-AFC on AD mouse models. METHODS PrP-hAβPPswe/PS1ΔE9(APP/PS1) mice and senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 strain (SAMP8), classic AD animal models, were employed. After the treatment of LW-AFC, mice were cognitively evaluated in behavioral experiments. Neuron loss, amyloid-β (Αβ) deposition, and Αβ level were analyzed using Nissl staining, immunofluorescence, and an AlphaLISA assay, respectively. Multiplex bead analysis, a radioimmunoassay, immunochemiluminometry, and an ELISA were used to measure cytokine and hormone levels.Lymphocyte subsets were detected using fl ow cytometry. RESULTS LW-AFC ameliorated the cognitive impairment observed in APP/PS1and SAMP8 mice,including the impairment of object recognition memory,spatial learning and memory,and active and passive avoidance. In addition, LW-AFC alleviated the neuron loss in the hippocampus, suppressed amyloid-β(Αβ)deposition in the brain,and reduced the concentration of Aβ1-42in the hippo-campus and plasma of APP/PS1 mice. LW-AFC treatment also significantly restored the imbalance of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, enhanced the proliferation of splenocytes,corrected the disorder of lymphocyte subsets,and regulated the abnormal production of cytokine in APP/PS1 and SAMP8 mice. Effects of LW-AFC on pharmacodynamics and neuroendocrine immunomodulation network in APP/PS1 and SAMP8 mice were better than meman-tine and donepezil. CONCLUSION LW-AFC ameliorated the behavioral and pathological deterioration of AD mouse models via the restoration of the NIM network, which supports the use of LW-AFC as a potential agent for AD therapy.

Liuwei Dihuang Decoction improves cognitive impairments via regulating immune system in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse,a mouse model of Alzheimer disease / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanisms of Liuwei Dihuang Decoction (LW)on cognition in PrP-hAβPPswe/PS1ΔE9(APP/PS1)transgenic mice.METHODS LW was adminis-trated with oral for 3 months.The locomotor activity test was performed to investigate the spontaneous motor activity of mice. The Morris water maze test and shuttle box test were performed to investigate the spatial learning and memory and active avoidance response respectively.The Αβ deposits and neuron loss in the hippocampus was detected by immunofluorescence staining and nissl staining respectively. The flow cytometry was employed to investigate the lymphocyte subsets of the mice.The 3H-thymidine incorporation was performed to investigate the splenocytes proliferation. RESULTS The treatment of LW ameliorated the impairments of spatial learning and memory and active and passive avoidance in APP/PS1 mice. The administration of LW alleviated neuron loss in the brain, suppressed amyloid-β (Αβ) deposits in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. The treatment of LW significantly increased ConA-and LPS-induced proliferation of splenocytes,increased CD3+T cells and CD19+B cells in the spleen lymphocytes and reduced Gr1+cells in APP/PS1 mice.CONCLUSION This data indicated the adminis-tration of LW ameliorated behavioral and pathological deterioration via regulating immune function.

Immunopotentiating activities and TLR4/MAPK related molecular mechanisms research of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To observe the effect and molecular mechanisms of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) and glycopeptides on T, B lymphocytes and macrophages. METHODS 3H-TdR incorporation method was used to compare the effects of LBP and glycopeptides on the proliferation lymphocytes. Peritoneal macrophages induced by sodium thioglycolate were used to compare the effects of LBP and glycopeptides. T and B lymphocytes were purified by immunomagnetic beads method. Using antibody blocking methods screening polysaccharide activity related receptors.C3H/HeJ mice were further used to observe the activity of LBP. Biolayer interference method was used to observe the binding kinetics of LBP with TLR4 in vitro.TLR4 level was tested by flow cytometry.Western blotting was used to observe the phosphorylation of p-38,SAPK/JNK and ERK.RESULTS The monosaccharide compo-sition of LBP is rhamnose, arabinose and galactose, and does not contain amino acids. The mixed lymphocyte proliferation experiment showed that LBP had more obvious effect on the proliferation of B cells,and glycosides induced T cells proliferation was more obvious.On the purify lymphocytes,it was found that LBP-induced B cells proliferation requires the involvement of macrophages. Further research found that anti-TLR4 antibody had significant inhibitory effect on LBP-induced macrophage release of TNF-α and IL-1β but not the anti-CR3 treatment.C3H/HeJ mice related results further demonstrated that TLR4 is necessary for LBP activity. Although biolayer interference showed no obvious binding ofTLR4/MD2 with LBP, flow cytometry confirmed that LBP could increase TLR4 expression. Western Blotexperiments showed that the effect of LBP on macrophage was related to its activation of p-38/MAPKpathway and inhibition of ERK/MAPK and JNK/MAPK pathways. CONCLUSION TLR4 is the activityrelated receptors of LBP. LBP cannot directly bind to TLR4/MD2 complex in vitro, but can increaseTLR4 expression and activate macrophage p- 38/MAPK signaling pathway, inhibiting ERK- MAPK andJNK-MAPK signaling pathways.

Effect and safety of intensive phototherapy in treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect and safety of intensive phototherapy in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 144 neonates with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were randomly and prospectively divided into intensive phototherapy group and conventional phototherapy group, with 72 neonates in each group. The therapeutic effect and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Within 12 hours after phototherapy, the total serum bilirubin level in the intensive phototherapy group was significantly lower than in the conventional phototherapy group (P<0.05), and the intensive phototherapy group had a significantly greater reduction in serum bilirubin level than the conventional phototherapy group (P<0.05). The intensives phototherapy group had a significantly shorter time of phototherapy than the conventional phototherapy group (P<0.05). The incidence rates of fever, diarrhea, rash, and hypocalcemia and reductions in blood calcium and hemoglobin levels after phototherapy showed no significant differences between the two groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>During the initial stage of phototherapy, intensive phototherapy can quickly and effectively reduce the serum level of bilirubin in neonates with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. It can also shorten the total phototherapy time, and does not increase the incidence of adverse events. Therefore, it is superior to conventional phototherapy.</p>

Study on lipid and protein metabolism status of preterm infants whose mothers suffered from pregnancy induced hypertension / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the lipid and protein metabolism status of preterm infants whose mothers suffered from pregnancy induced hypertension.Methods One hundred and nineteen premature neonates in accordance with inclusion criteria,who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics,Peking University People's Hospital from Jan.2010 to Dec.2011,were chosen as study samples.The preterm infants were divided into 2 groups,that was mothers with pregnancy induced hypertension group (observation group) and mothers without pregnancy complications group (control group).Then the general condition as well as the lipid and protein levels,which were tested within 24 h after birth,and which of preterm newborns in 2 groups were compared.Results The percent of 26.5 of the preterm infants in observation group were small for gestational age,while the ratio was 11.8％ for ones in control group,there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The rate of fetal distress and neonatal asphyxia was 29.4％ in observation group,however,the ratio was 12.9％ for ones in control group,there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of low density lipoprotein [(1.20 ± 0.66) mmol/L],cholesterol [(2.80 ± 1.07) mmol/L] and total protein [(51.51 ± 6.88) mmol/L] in observation group were higher than those [(0.88 ± 0.37) mmol/L,(2.26 ± 0.66) mmol/L,(48.66 ±6.86) mmol/L] of ones in control group(all P ＜0.05,0.01).However,there were no significant difference of the levels of high density lipoprotein[(0.86 ± 0.26)mmol/L vs (0.82 ± 0.24) mmol/L],triglyceride [(0.29 ± 0.15)mmol/L vs (0.27 ±0.18) mmol/L] and albumin[(34.63 ±3.33) mmol/L vs (33.13 ±5.64) mmol/L] between the 2 groups(all P ＞0.05).Conclusions Mothers with pregnancy induced hypertension can affect the intrauterine growth,levels of lipid and total protein of their offsprings.At the same time,it also increases the possibility of perinatal hypoxia.

Perinatal risk factors and neonatal complications in discordant twins admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Many studies have shown a relationship between birth weight discordance and adverse perinatal outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the perinatal risk factors and neonatal complications of discordant twins who are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 87 sets of twins were enrolled in this retrospective study, of which 22 sets were discordant twins and 65 sets were concordant twins. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors associated with the occurrence of discordant twins. The common neonatal complications of discordant twins were also investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Multivariate analysis showed that the use of assisted reproductive techniques, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and unequal placental sharing were risk factors for the occurrence of discordant twins. The incidence of small for gestational age infants and very low birth weight infants of discordant twins was significantly higher, while the birth weight of discordant twins was significantly lower than those of concordant twins. The duration of hospitalization of discordant twins was longer than that of concordant twins. The incidence of several neonatal complications, such as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and intracranial hemorrhage, was higher in discordant twins than that in concordant twins. The percentage of those requiring pulmonary surfactant and mechanical ventilation was significantly higher in discordant twins than that in concordant twins.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Use of assisted reproductive techniques, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and unequal placental sharing are perinatal risk factors of discordant twins who are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. These infants are also much more likely to suffer from various neonatal complications, especially respiratory and central nervous system diseases. It is important to prevent the occurrence of discordant twins by decreasing these risk factors and timely treatment should be given to discordant twins.</p>

Age variations of head-face morphological traits of Hakka in Guangdong province / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the age variations of head-face morphological traits of Hakka in Guangdong Province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-eight physical indices of head and face of 671 Hakka adults (151 urban males, 181 urban females, 162 rural males and 177 rural females) from Meizhou city of Guangdong were investigated. Twelve physical indices of head and face were calculated and counted its indices distributions. The age changes of morphological traits of head and face were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With the age growing, the rate of eyefold of the upper eyelid was increased, and the Mongoloid fold decreased, the direction of eyeslits tended to level, nasal root height dropped, the zygomatic projection was more projected, the eye color turned to lighter, the upper red lips became thinner; medium-sized facial height, nasal height, upper lip skin height, physiognomic ear length, physiognomic ear breadth and breadth of alae nasi were decreased. The index of mouth breadth, morphological facial skin fold were positively correlated with the age. The index of minimum frontal breadth, face breadth, bigonial diameter, interocular breadth, external biocular breadth, lip height, thickness of lips and horizontal head circumference were negatively correlated with the age. With the age growing, morphological facial index and vertical cephalo-facial index was ascending. Moreover, length-height index of head, transverse frontoparietal index, zygomatico-frontal index and lip index were declining.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>With the age growing, the head and face measurements, physical indices and the proportion of observed indices have changed in Hakka in Guangdong province.</p>

The influence of preventive iron supplementation to iron nutritional status in breastfed infants / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the effects to iron status who were given preventive iron supplements for two months from when they were breast-fed to four-month-old.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 123 infants in four-month-old age who were breast-fed were randomly divided into iron supplementation group (63 cases) and control group (60 cases), iron supplementation group was supplied with low-dose iron (1 mg×kg⁻¹×d⁻¹) for two months with no intervention for control group. Blood samples were collected to test C reactive protein and iron status indicators in six-month-old age group infants, and the growth indices were measured and compared on the gender difference of iron status at and 6 months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 2 months of low-dose iron supplementation, the hemoglobin of iron supplementation group (26 cases) increased about 5.5 g/L while the control group (34 cases) increases about 0.0 g/L (median), 95% confidence intervals were -7.0 - 13.0 g/L and -9.0 - 15.0 g/L, respectively. The hemoglobin increase of iron supplementation group was higher than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (u = -2.326, P < 0.05). The other iron nutritional status and the growth did not show any significant difference between iron supplementation group and control group (P > 0.05). At age 6 month, the MCV of the boys were (75.89 ± 3.34) fl, while the girls were (77.20 ± 3.17) fl. The boys had lower values of MCV than the girls, and the gender difference was statistically significant (t = 4.73, P < 0.05). The other iron nutritional status did not show any significant gender difference (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Low-dose iron supplementation of breast-fed infants at 4-month-old can increase the hemoglobin level when they were 6-month-old, and had no measurable side effect on growth.</p>

Exploration of pediatrics clinical probation teaching methods for eight-year program medical students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

To improve the effect of pediatrics clinical probation teaching for eight-year program medical students,the exploration and practice of case-based instruction teaching with symptoms as main line,reading reports,and application of high quality counterfeit baby simulator-assisted instruction were carried out,which could inspire students' learning interest,and contribute to the training of students'clinical and scientific thought,their self-education and clinical skills.

Risk factors for preterm birth and complications in 287 late preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the risk factors for preterm birth and complications in late preterm infants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 287 late preterm infants were retrospectively studied. Two hundred and eighty-eight term infants served as the control group. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with late preterm birth. The common complications in late preterm infants were investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Several significant risk factors for late preterm birth were identified by logistic regression analysis: twin pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, eclampsia or preeclampsia, placenta previa, placental abruption and premature rupture of membranes. The duration of hospitalization in late preterm infants was longer than that in term infants. The complications were common in late preterm infants, with a high prevalence of anemia, aspiration pneumonia, hypoglycemia and intracranial hemorrhage.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The late preterm infants are much more likely to suffer various complications. It is important to reduce the incidence of late preterm births by decreasing perinatal risk factors above mentioned.</p>